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46 Five years later, Beatrice Webb was surprised by two guests she hosted in her home in London, writing in her diary, 17 May 1924: During these last days of London life I have had two miners’ wives from the Seaham Division staying with me for the Women’s Conference. … What interested me was the moral refinement and perfect manners of these two women who had never seen London before and never stayed in a house with servants.

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In the sixth edition, Robert Smillie is introduced as the author of a short section in the middle of the pamphlet. Wills makes the same point as Glasier about the ownership of dirt: [W]hy should the miner take all the marks of his toil upon him from the pit to the home? Why should he not be able to throw off his begrimed working clothes at the pit-head, have a hot bath, and walk to his home in clean clothes, guiltless of the dirt, the stains and the dampness of the pit? In her memoir, Elizabeth Andrews corroborated Wills’s and Glasier’s accounts: In many a cottage there were three or four miners having to bath in a tub in front of the fire. The small kitchen was often the only available living room in the house and had to serve as a bathroom, laundry, bakery, dining room and nursery.

Kate Kennedy

The heat from the large open fire, and the stench from the wet pit clothes made the atmosphere unbearable. The mother and wife had to tolerate all this. A Women’s Work is Never Done (1957) (South Glamorgan,Wales: Honno, 2006), 18. 33 Miners’ Baths Miners’ Baths: Baths at the Works and Pit Heads, with Thomas Richardson and other experts, 3rd ed. 34 ‘Civilisation would have been impossible without women, as women, with their domestic interests and sympathies. … They were completely at their ease, and their attitude to their host and hostess was more towards a class teacher and a minister of religion than to social superiors.

I don’t think they had any trace of feeling that they belonged to a different class though they realised that we had greater knowledge and a wider experience of life.

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Feminism and the Servant Problem: Class and Domestic Labour in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 91. 25 On women’s expertise as urban planners, see Helen Meller, ‘Women and Citizenship: Gender and the Built Environment in British Cities, 1870–1939’, in Cities of Ideas: Civil Society and Urban Governance in Britain, 1800–2000, Essays in Honour of David Reeder, ed. Robert Colls and Richard Rodger (Aldershot, Hants, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004), 231–57. On women’s participation in early twentieth century sociological investigations, see Ann Oakley, ‘Women, the Early Development of Sociological Research Methods in Britain and the London School of Economics: A (Partially) Retrieved History’, Sociology 54, no. 26 Rowbowtham, Dreamers of a New Day, 134.

Iain Barr

27 Chapter 6, ‘New Housework, New Homes’, in Dreamers of a New Day: Women Who Invented the 20th Century (London: Verso, 2010), 125–47. 28 The Act required 2/3 of any colliery’s employees to vote in favour of the baths’ installation and for the miners to assume half the costs of maintaining them: Where a majority ascertained by ballot, of two-thirds of the workmen employed in any mine … desire that accommodation and facilities for taking baths and drying clothes should be provided at the mine and undertake to pay half the cost … the owner shall forthwith provide sufficient and suitable accommodation. 29 Glasier announces the pithead baths campaign as ‘[a] New Crusade, nothings less … . It began with “Baths for Miners.” It will not end till every form of “Industrial Dirt” … has been driven out of the streets and homes of the people.’ Baths at the Pithead and the Works, 3rd edition of Miners’ Baths, Enlarged and Completely Revised, (Women’s Labour League), n.d. (1912), 1. 47 ‘The Labour Woman’s Battle with Dirt’, in Women and the Labour Party, ed. Marion Phillips (London: Headley Bros., 1918), emphasis in text, 86–7.

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48 ‘The Labour Woman’s Battle with Dirt’, 87–8, 93.

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This is accentuated where miners’ homes are not provided with bathing accommodation fildena extra power 150 mg or where housing conditions are inadequate or unsatisfactory. There is a never-ending round of toil devolving on wife or mother in the endeavour to keep the house free from dirt which should be left at the pit-head. 38 Baths at the Pithead and the Works, 2. 39 Labour Woman, ‘Enthusiasm at Burnley,’ March 1916. 40 Andrews, A Woman’s Work is Never Done, 21. 17.1, ‘Provision of washing and drying accommodation at coal mines.’ 50 Gareth Salway and Ceri Thompson, The Pithead Baths Story (National Museum of Wales, 2010), 11. In 1933, owners fought, successfully, to have the levy amount lowered. However, one owner singled out the pithead baths as an important line item: ‘Mr. Williams agreed that the pithead baths are in themselves desirable and that they are a purpose to which money from the Miners’ Welfare Fund should be devoted.

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In fact they are the most desirable object for expenditure.’ ‘Deputation from the Mining Association of Great Britain to the Secretary for Mines on March 22nd,’ (1933), 2.

51 H.M.

Disposal of land

It was women as mothers who invented the early arts, who created music, and who evoked love,’ she writes in her Labour Leader column on fildena tablet 16 February 1906. Glasier’s interest in the art of everyday life can be trace to a variety of sources, including New Life socialism. On its ethical and moral tenets, see Sheila Rowbowtham and Jeffrey Weeks, Socialism and the New Life: The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis (London: Pluto Press, 1977); Kevin Manton, ‘The Fellowship of the New Life: English Ethical Socialism Reconsidered’, History of Political Thought 24, no. 2 (2003): 282–304; Diana Maltz, British Aestheticism and the Urban Working Classes, 1870–1900 (Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006); Diana Maltz, ‘Ardent Service: Female Eroticism and New Life Ethics in Gertrude Dix's The Image Breakers (1900)’, Journal of Victorian Culture 17, no. 35 Barry Supple notes ‘the perception, amounting to revulsion, with which [miners] were viewed by other members of society.’ The History of the British Coal Industry (4 vols.) Vol.

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4: 1913–1946: The Political Economy of Decline (Clarendon, 1987), 474–5. Wills asks, ‘Why should not the British miner, returning home on foot, in tram, or train, be indistinguishable from any other respectable and self-respecting artisan?’ (10). Neil Evans and Dot Jones note that ‘[a]fter pithead baths the miner appeared differently to the outside world and to his own family.’ ‘‘A Blessing for the Miner’s Wife’: The Campaign for Pithead Baths in the South Wales Coalfield, 1908–1950,’ 21–2. As late as 1923, Elizabeth Andrews was noting the resistance to the baths. In the Colliery Worker’s Magazine of September that year, she writes: ‘At present time this question is a controversial one among the miners themselves, and my experience teaches me that there is a great need for education on the matter’ (qtd in A Women’s Work is Never Done, 64). Vernon and T.

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41 Andrews, ‘Pithead Baths’, Labour Woman: A Monthly Paper for Working Women (April 1919). In her memoir, Andrews, recounts her relationship with Glasier: On pit baths, Katherine [sic] Bruce Glasier had already done much work with the Women’s Labour Leagues … . She was delighted when I took up this campaign and gave evidence before the Sankey Commission in 1919 on pit baths and housing, on behalf of the South Wales Miners’ Federation. A great bond of friendship arose between us that lasted until the end of her days in 1950. 45 Schwartz, Feminism and the Servant Problem: Class and Domestic Labour in the Woman’s Suffrage Movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019), 44. Bedford, ‘The Atmospheric Conditions in the Pithead Baths’ (London, 1930), 1.

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53 See Daniel Engster, ‘Introduction’, in The Heart of Justice: Care Ethics and Political Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), 1–20. 54 Lynch, Kalaitzake, and Crean, ‘Care and Affective Relations: Social Justice and Sociology’, The Sociological Review 69, no.

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30 Baths for Miners: A Woman’s Pleas for the Wives and Daughters of British Pitmen (Ernest W. Kipp’s, 1911), 3–4. 32 Miners’ Baths by Mrs Bruce Glasier, Thos. Richardson, and other experts, 3rd edition of Miners’ Baths, Enlarged and Completely Revised (Women’s Labour League, 1912), 5. I am guessing a 1911 publication date for this pamphlet’s first print run.

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I have been unable to find a copy of this first edition. Its second and third editions were published in 1912, as Baths at the Pithead and the Works. The third edition notes that for the first edition, ‘we had to go to Belgium for our examples’ before the photographs that appeared in a 1 December 1911 issue of ‘The Iron and Coal Trades’ Review’ appeared (Baths at the Pitheads, 3). After its first appearance, the pamphlet subsequently ran through at least five more editions. ‘Katharine Bruce Glasier’ appears at the end of the text of each, suggesting that she is the sole author, drawing on expertise of others named on the title page. 55 Robinson, ‘Care Ethics, Political Theory, and the Future of Feminism’, in Care Ethics and Political Theory, ed.

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36 Baths at the Pithead and the Works (1912), 1. 37 Baths at the Pithead and the Works, Illustrated, by Robert Smillie (President of the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain) Katharine Bruce Glasier and G.R. Carter, MA 6th edition, officially endorsed by the Miners’ Federation of Great Britain. Published by the Women’s Labour League (London, 1914), 9. The effectiveness of Glasier’s pamphlet is reflected in the echoes we hear of its language in other publications, including this 1923 column in the South Wales News (May 24, 1923): [T]here is much additional work transferred to the women folk at home and much discomfort caused to housewives and families by the constant round of cleaning and drying necessitated. Daniel Engster and Maurice Hamington (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015), 307. 56 Lynch, Kalaitzake, and Crean, ‘Care and Affective Relations’, 58.